On origins

The parable is older than its English retellings. Its conceptual root is chapter 58 of the Daodejing:

禍兮福之所倚，福兮禍之所伏。

Misfortune is what fortune leans on; fortune is what misfortune hides within.

The earliest extant narrative form appears in chapter 18 (人間訓) of the Huainanzi, a Han-dynasty compendium presented at court around 139 BCE. In that text the protagonist is “a man near the frontier skilled in techniques” (近塞上之人有善術者), and the speaker of each reversal is his father. The refrain is not “maybe” but a stronger predictive formula — how could this not be a blessing? — echoing the Daodejing.

In Chinese the anecdote was later compressed into the proverb 塞翁失馬(“the old man of the frontier lost his horse”), often expanded as 塞翁失馬，安知非福. The proverb is later than the Huainanzi text itself.

The “Chinese farmer” who answers “maybe” is a 20th-century English retelling, most associated with Alan Watts. This page sits in that lineage — accessible, modern, looser than the Han original — with one small step back toward the source: an old man near the frontier rather than a farmer, echoing 塞翁.